#: locale=en
## Action
### Text to Speech
TextToSpeechBehaviour_D1D14F6A_E016_3BD3_41E0_7D81B7CA559F.text = Next Pano
TextToSpeechBehaviour_CA9E6977_E00A_47B1_41EA_C18C3422DD95.text = Orient Leftwards
TextToSpeechBehaviour_CA9ED978_E00A_47BF_41E7_51E7B6400AA7.text = Orient backwards
TextToSpeechBehaviour_CA9E2978_E00A_47BF_41E8_86B543B8C484.text = Orient frontwards
TextToSpeechBehaviour_CA9EF978_E00A_47BF_41E3_98FD27C9193A.text = Orient rightwards
TextToSpeechBehaviour_CA9EA978_E00A_47BF_41E3_8470FFE8692A.text = Previous Pano
TextToSpeechBehaviour_FD4B032C_A988_C18D_41D0_1D0061047FBD.text = Scott Joplin House State Historic Site \
2658 Delmar Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63103 \
Office Number: 314-340-5790
TextToSpeechBehaviour_142716D4_A887_C09D_41E3_97653711125D.text = Scott Joplin House State Historic Site \
2658 Delmar Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63103 \
Office Number: 314-340-5790
### URL
LinkBehaviour_C8D0B471_E00B_CDB1_41D2_8235B400CF69.source = #
LinkBehaviour_C8D08471_E00B_CDB1_41D2_679AD3EB936A.source = #
LinkBehaviour_C8D09471_E00B_CDB1_41A7_E73C36302613.source = #
LinkBehaviour_C8D0A471_E00B_CDB1_41E9_2261B9137928.source = #
LinkBehaviour_FC4E628F_A988_408B_41C4_90FF729A2CB5.source = https://icampmo.usedirect.com/MSPWeb/Customers/ShoppingCart.aspx
LinkBehaviour_142E7F3D_A978_418F_41DF_23F3E635B5AA.source = https://icampmo.usedirect.com/MSPWeb/Customers/ShoppingCart.aspx
LinkBehaviour_FC49028D_A988_408F_41BA_9F2EFA6176C2.source = https://mostateparks.com/page/mo-virtual-heritage
LinkBehaviour_7BDDF6BF_656F_6A3B_41C3_3D23B3864A2B.source = https://mostateparks.com/page/mo-virtual-heritage
LinkBehaviour_FD4BC32C_A988_C18D_41D6_6ADB7326D941.source = mailto:bothwell.lodge.state.historic.site@dnr.mo.gov
LinkBehaviour_142346D3_A887_C09B_41D1_9D3CC2EDF5CA.source = mailto:bothwell.lodge.state.historic.site@dnr.mo.gov
LinkBehaviour_142496D3_A887_C09B_41C5_54506D860B05.source = tel:57322489980
LinkBehaviour_FD4B232C_A988_C18D_41DC_E6B05CD27767.source = tel:6608270510
## Media
### Audio
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audiores_4C0BE5CE_6E38_F989_41CD_EBE67E3AECD6.mp3Url = media/audio_4BD3331D_6A29_5A8B_41D0_F9A95CB7AACC_en.mp3
audiores_78428904_560B_82C5_41C9_727ADA0EB340.mp3Url = media/audio_7BDAD75F_6575_AA7B_41DD_9DA97E2FA33E_en.mp3
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audiores_D9A01B9E_AB8F_C08D_41E1_0B3DF72B76D2.mp3Url = media/audio_C95622D9_A889_C097_41E1_EE6D11521683_en.mp3
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### Audio Subtitles
### Image
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Mark Twain Birthplace State Historic Site
37352 Shrine Rd, Florida, MO 65283
Office Number: 573-248-9980
CONTACT
Mark Twain Birthplace State Historic Site
37352 Shrine Rd, Florida, MO 65283
Office Number: 573-248-9980
The open room betweek the mural dividing wall on the right and the displays on the left. Across the rooms are inaccessible and are blurred
A Road with trees on either side. Parking spots on the right hand side.
A display case against the wall on the right with a framed image above. Click to move forward.
A display case on the left, and a framed image hanging above. The view ahead across the East gallery. A large mural and display separates the gallery on the right.
A display of a cream colored room with a cabinet that has a framed portrait on it. An armchair is to the left and various framed landscape paintings are hung on the wall
A display of two stone columns and back stained wood fence posts on top of it. A shovel is leaning against it in the center of the colums. Above the display is a picture of a large group of works all holding tools.
A display with an antique carriage on a brick path and a street lamp post
A glass display case filled with various items, a fan, a metal small teapot. Above two images framed on the wall to the left a picture of Mark Twain, on the right, a picture of a woman with two young girls.
A large book with smaller manuscript pages in it is laid on the table, a portrait of Mark Twain is on the wall above it
A large frame full body portrait of a woman. A wooden chair on the right.
A large open display counter in the center of the room set with various items, a top hat and a book. There is a mural on the wall above.
A long display case with one room set as a library. The piece of furniture ahead is a very ornate, tall table with a horse drawn chariot carved into the face.
A long ornate dark wood carved table with several items, a book, a pipe.
A portrait of Mark Twain hung in the center of a cream colored wall
A portrait of Mark Twain hung in the center of a cream colored wall
A poster about Mark Twain's family
A red room with a burgundy satay in the center, an ornate mirror above and on either side or two sconces
A small end table with a set of buttons on a string
A small glass case encloses Mark Twain memorabilia, a framed picture is hanging above it on the wall. On the right is the entry two the lobby, and the rest of the display for the East Gallery
Aisle down the displays of rooms, one more opening on the right and the display case ends. Ahead there is an end table on the left in the corner of the room.
Aisle to the center of the room, displays on the left the wall is on the right.
An aisle leading to various displays built into a cabinet on the right.
Another display case ahead, with a large armoire that has a mirror mounted to it
Directly ahead on the left is the fireplace. the stone is exposed on the side closest the front door and a wooden mantle is built on the front. In the center of the room there is a dinning table set with chairs
Display cases with books and manuscripts
Doorway into the lobby. Various merchandise is on either side of an aisle. In the center the bronze bust of Mark Twain on a pedestal.
Double doors to exit the Mark Twain Memorial shrine.
Four steps leading up to the lobby
In the corner of the room two large looms are set up
In the corner of the room, a small end table is below a wall mounted TV. On the firewall in the center there is a Portrait hung up.
Lobby gift shop with various merchandise. Down the hall, an open doorway to the East gallery.
Mark Twain Memorial shrine, accessible ramp to front door. The building has an angled roof and a stone exterior. Two flags are in the lawn on the right hand side of the ramp.
On the left a tall display case and a red rocking chair. The corner of the cabin is on the right
On the left is the corner of the cabin on the right are several display cases
On the left there is a display on the backside of a mural, the counter has books, and other small items on it. A ramp onto the steamboat exhibit is on the right of the path leading to the center of the room
Open floor with a display and picture on the far wall.
Opening from the lobby leading into the west Gallery four steps down or via an accessible ramp on the left of the doorway. Mark Twain cabin a small two room home fits in the center of this room.
Posters on the wall about Clara and Jane
Posters on the wall about Langdon and Olivia
Road leading into parking area. On the right, the Mark Twain Memorial shrine, and ramp leading to the front door.
Steamboat exhibit has a railing and several historic artifacts like a bell and ropes. Beyond that the panelled half wall makes the front of a steamboat and the ship's wheel can be seen over the top of it. The name "Alonzo Child" is above the display with a roof like awning.
The area leading back to the center of the room, the doorway to the lobby on the right
The bed is against the wall on the left, and a second matress is under the bed and pulls out. there is a small end table next to it and a highchair near the front door
The center of the East Gallery is open with no displays until the other side there is a ramp up to a steamboat exhibit. Ahead on the right is a mural dividing wall with Mark Twains face in the center and various landscaped images around it.
The center of the West Gallery and the four steps leading to the lobby. The steps are at a 45 degree angle on the left side and are straight in line with the room from the front
The corner of a long white display case that runs the length of the room. Further to the right is a shorter glass case with small items enclosed.
The corner of the cabin and under the window a set of chairs are next to a barrel, a checkers board is laid on top.
The corner of the cabin on the left has a spooling tool with yarn on it. The far wall has several flags displayed above a display case.
The door out the back of the cabin and a small child's size rocking chair
The doorway opening to a small green room. An end table, and one ornate wooden chair. A gold framed sketch of a home is above the table
The end table and wall mounted TV in the corner of the room
The front entrance of a small cabin. The exterior is white wood, and two windows are on the front one on each side of the door.
The front left of the steamboat exhibit has a rope for a bell, as well as a large ship wheel. The steamboat's window looks out into the East Gallery on the far wall there is a large mural.
The front of the cabin, a small wooden rustic bench under the window has chopped wood stacked under it
The front of the fireplace has many different metal pots in front of it on the hearth.
The left side of a large mural of the river. Trees line the far bank and the water is still
The lobby has a gift shop with various merchandise, in the center a bronze bust of Mark Twain on a pedestal
The open aisle to the rest of the displays, on the left counter a book displayed
The open doorway to the Lobby, the mark twain bust on a pedistal is in the center.
The open side of the gallery. On the far wall is a large mural, and a display with a steamboat wheel. Click to move forward
The right side of a large mural of the river, the nearer bank is covered in thick trees, there is no grass up to the waterline where it drops off. The river is still. To the right of the mural a ramp leads down out of the steamboat exhibit.
The side of the cabin and a wooden bench style machine is displayed
The side of the cabin and a wooden bench style machine is displayed
The small corridor leading back to the enclosed room displays
There are two doorways on the back of the cabin on either side of a large spinning wheel
Two long display cases with small artifacts against the wall
a Large dividing wall in the center of the room is painted in a mural wtih mark twain's face in the center and lanscape scenes around him
a cabinet filled with dishes and a shorter shelf with pots in the corner of the room
a display case with a map and book as well as other small artifacts
a display case with a map and book as well as other small artifacts
a display of an antique carriage and lamp post on cobblestone path.
a large armoire with a mirrow mounted on it, a framed letter on the counter
a long glass display case with small artifacts. There are two flags hanging on the wall
a long glass display case with small artifacts. There are two flags hanging on the wall
a mission style bed is in the corner of the room and nearest the door there is a wooden highchair with a doll in it
a simple wooden dining table set with a lantern and books open. There is a chalkboard and a handkerchief and eyeglasses on it.
a trunk is against the wall, a baby cradle is in the middle of the floor and beyond that a door out the back of the house
ahead is an enclosed room display with an armoire and mirror mouted on it
an aisle along the wall on the left that has information posters about each of Mark Twain's children. On the right built in displays show furniture and decor from his home.
an open area with the display on the left
behind the table there is a small path beteween the bed and the chair. Against the wall there is another chair, an upright chest, and a cabinet displaying some plates in the corner
on the left is the corner of the cabin, on the right is a small white picket fence with some furniture behind it and ahead is a red rocking chair.
one row of handicap parking spots.
open floor leading around the left of the house, there is a display case in the corner of the room behind the house.
path leading back to the center of the room, display case on the left
the accessible ramp to the lobby
the accessible ramp to the lobby
the aisle to the center of the room, on the left a display with furniture, wall to the right
the corner of the enclosed display and the corner of the room
the corner of the room displays and the aisle to continue on to the rest of the displays
the dining table, chairs and bed are all in this room.
the door to the bedroom is on the left and a bed with four pineapples on the posts is against the right wall
the doorway into the bedroom and the front of the fireplace on the right. a small upright clock is on the mantle
the doorway to the bedroom, a bed is seen across the room
the exhibit on the right is a chair set next to a large portrait. The aisle continues to other displays.
the front door to the cabin
the front right side of the steamboat wheel. To the right of the wheel a ramp leding down.
the open room on the left are the enclosed room displays, across a tv mounted on the wall above an end table
there is a small display case in the corner of the room, on the left a white picket fence has furniture behind it and on the right there is a long display case with small artifacts.
Mark Twain Birthplace State Historic Site
Cabin Details
• Square Feet: 468
• Number of Rooms: 2
• Original Power Source: Wood-burning stove, candles and lanterns
• Year Built: 1831
• Materials: Walnut and oak
Mark Twain Birthplace State Historic Site
Cabin Details
• Square Feet: 468
• Number of Rooms: 2
• Original Power Source: Wood-burning stove, candles and lanterns
• Year Built: 1831
• Materials: Walnut and oak
Life on the Mississippi, 1953, Oil on Canvas
In 1839, the Clemens family left Florida and settled in the growing Mississippi River town of Hannibal, seeking better economic opportunities after John Marshall Clemens’ unsuccessful Florida business ventures. The family relocated at the height of the Steamboat Era when the Mississippi River served as a vital transportation route and commerce hub. When John died in 1847, Sam was only 11, ending his carefree childhood. However, the experience of growing up in a community that depended on and largely revolved around the river greatly influenced Sam’s life and literature. Elen Elam painted the mural to commemorate Sam’s 118th birthday. It depicts Mark Twain’s fictional characters Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn in front of a steamboat rolling north on the Mississippi River.
Life on the Mississippi, 1953, Oil on Canvas
In 1839, the Clemens family left Florida and settled in the growing Mississippi River town of Hannibal, seeking better economic opportunities after John Marshall Clemens’ unsuccessful Florida business ventures. The family relocated at the height of the Steamboat Era when the Mississippi River served as a vital transportation route and commerce hub. When John died in 1847, Sam was only 11, ending his carefree childhood. However, the experience of growing up in a community that depended on and largely revolved around the river greatly influenced Sam’s life and literature. Elen Elam painted the mural to commemorate Sam’s 118th birthday. It depicts Mark Twain’s fictional characters Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn in front of a steamboat rolling north on the Mississippi River.
Roughing It, 1872
In August 1861, after Sam’s two-week participation in the Civil War, he and Orion Clemens arrived in Carson City, Nevada. There Orion took up his appointed post as Secretary of the Territory of Nevada and Sam tried his hand at mining. Unsuccessful at mining, Sam found his niche as a newspaper reporter for the Virginia City Territorial Enterprise, where he first used the pen name, Mark Twain. After moving to California in 1864, Sam visited Angels Camp where he heard a tale about a miner named Jim Smiley and his jumping frog. He turned the tale into a popular short story that was published in papers across the country and introduced America to an unknown author named Mark Twain. In 1866, Sam visited the Sandwich Islands and upon his return to California, he began a successful career as a lecturer. Years later, after marrying Livy and while living in New York and Connecticut, Sam wrote the book Roughing It, which tells of his adventures in the West. Image courtesy of the Mark Twain Project, Berkeley, CA.
Roughing It, 1872
In August 1861, after Sam’s two-week participation in the Civil War, he and Orion Clemens arrived in Carson City, Nevada. There Orion took up his appointed post as Secretary of the Territory of Nevada and Sam tried his hand at mining. Unsuccessful at mining, Sam found his niche as a newspaper reporter for the Virginia City Territorial Enterprise, where he first used the pen name, Mark Twain. After moving to California in 1864, Sam visited Angels Camp where he heard a tale about a miner named Jim Smiley and his jumping frog. He turned the tale into a popular short story that was published in papers across the country and introduced America to an unknown author named Mark Twain. In 1866, Sam visited the Sandwich Islands and upon his return to California, he began a successful career as a lecturer. Years later, after marrying Livy and while living in New York and Connecticut, Sam wrote the book Roughing It, which tells of his adventures in the West. Image courtesy of the Mark Twain Project, Berkeley, CA.
The Gilded Age, 1873
Based on a challenge from their wives, in 1873 Mark Twain and fellow author Charles Dudley Warner wrote The Gilded Age in only three months. Although not Twain’s most popular writing, it was his first full-length novel and an interesting critique of modern society, political corruption and corporate greed. The title, coined by Mark Twain, came to represent a period in the last quarter of the 19th century, legendary for the extravagant lifestyles and extreme wealth of an elite few that overshadowed the extreme poverty of many. Twain himself exemplified the very essence of the era, with his ornately designed house, lavish décor, fine clothing and affluent lifestyle that “gilded” the underlying despair of his financial failures and the loss of loved ones. Image courtesy of Mark Twain Papers, Berkeley CA.
The Gilded Age, 1873
Based on a challenge from their wives, in 1873 Mark Twain and fellow author Charles Dudley Warner wrote The Gilded Age in only three months. Although not Twain’s most popular writing, it was his first full-length novel and an interesting critique of modern society, political corruption and corporate greed. The title, coined by Mark Twain, came to represent a period in the last quarter of the 19th century, legendary for the extravagant lifestyles and extreme wealth of an elite few that overshadowed the extreme poverty of many. Twain himself exemplified the very essence of the era, with his ornately designed house, lavish décor, fine clothing and affluent lifestyle that “gilded” the underlying despair of his financial failures and the loss of loved ones. Image courtesy of Mark Twain Papers, Berkeley CA.
The Innocents Abroad, 1869
In December 1866, at the age of 31, Sam left California behind for the American East Coast. The following June, he boarded the steamship Quaker City in New York City for a cruise to the Mediterranean and the Middle East. The newspaper Alta California paid for Sam’s transportation, in return for his travel letters. Visiting France, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Russia, the Middle East, Egypt and Spain opened Sam’s eyes to new cultures and gave him inspiration for new characters. Back in the United States, Sam’s letters became a full-length book titled The Innocents Abroad, which became his best-selling publication during his lifetime. Image courtesy of the Mark Twain Project, Berkeley, CA.
The Innocents Abroad, 1869
In December 1866, at the age of 31, Sam left California behind for the American East Coast. The following June, he boarded the steamship Quaker City in New York City for a cruise to the Mediterranean and the Middle East. The newspaper Alta California paid for Sam’s transportation, in return for his travel letters. Visiting France, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Russia, the Middle East, Egypt and Spain opened Sam’s eyes to new cultures and gave him inspiration for new characters. Back in the United States, Sam’s letters became a full-length book titled The Innocents Abroad, which became his best-selling publication during his lifetime. Image courtesy of the Mark Twain Project, Berkeley, CA.
CCC Company 1743, The Thunderbirds
In 1939, Civilian Conservation Corps Company 1743 arrived at Mark Twain State Park from Washington State Park. To combat high unemployment during the Great Depression, in 1933 the federal government instated a public works program that hired thousands of young men to perform environmental conservation work in parks across the nation. Company 1743, called ‘The Thunderbirds’ for the mythical creatures that appeared in petroglyphs in Washington State Park, was one of the few all-Black companies the government not only segregated the men, but also capped African American enrollment at 10 percent. When they arrived in Florida, the young men faced racially motivated hostility from the locals that lessened after the townspeople learned of the good work the 1743rd completed in De Soto. While stationed at Mark Twain State Park, the Thunderbirds built an open shelter house in their typical National Park Service rustic-style architecture.
CCC Company 1743, The Thunderbirds
In 1939, Civilian Conservation Corps Company 1743 arrived at Mark Twain State Park from Washington State Park. To combat high unemployment during the Great Depression, in 1933 the federal government instated a public works program that hired thousands of young men to perform environmental conservation work in parks across the nation. Company 1743, called ‘The Thunderbirds’ for the mythical creatures that appeared in petroglyphs in Washington State Park, was one of the few all-Black companies; the government not only segregated the men, but also capped African American enrollment at 10 percent. When they arrived in Florida, the young men faced racially motivated hostility from the locals that lessened after the townspeople learned of the good work the 1743rd completed in De Soto. While stationed at Mark Twain State Park, the Thunderbirds built an open shelter house in their typical National Park Service rustic-style architecture.
Carriage, ca. 1870-1891
This custom built, Rockaway-style carriage is just one of the many Sam Clemens owned and Irish coachman, Patrick McAleer, drove. In 1870, when Sam and Livy married, her father, Jervis, gifted them with their first house in Buffalo. Jervis also staffed the house with a cook, housemaids and a young coachman named Patrick. During Patrick’s three decades of service and friendship with the family, he excelled as a coach and stableman, lived on-site with his own family and stayed with Susy on her deathbed. Following Patrick’s death in 1906, Sam eulogized, “I have been asked for my idea of an ideal gentleman and I give it to you - Patrick McAleer.'' Clara (Clemens) Gabrilowitsch donated the carriage to Mark Twain State Park, which arrived in 1925.
Carriage, ca. 1870-1891
This custom built, Rockaway-style carriage is just one of the many Sam Clemens owned and Irish coachman, Patrick McAleer, drove. In 1870, when Sam and Livy married, her father, Jervis, gifted them with their first house in Buffalo. Jervis also staffed the house with a cook, housemaids and a young coachman named Patrick. During Patrick’s three decades of service and friendship with the family, he excelled as a coach and stableman, lived on-site with his own family and stayed with Susy on her deathbed. Following Patrick’s death in 1906, Sam eulogized, “I have been asked for my idea of an ideal gentleman and I give it to you - Patrick McAleer.'' Clara (Clemens) Gabrilowitsch donated the carriage to Mark Twain State Park, which arrived in 1925.
Dressing Table, ca. 1879
In September of 1874, Sam and Livy Clemens moved into their 11,500 square-foot, 25-room Hartford, Connecticut home. There they raised their three daughters, and Sam, as Mark Twain, wrote some of his most famous works. This dressing table is part of an angel-themed walnut bedroom set that Sam and Livy purchased in Venice, Italy in 1879. After the devastating death of eldest daughter Susy in 1896, the family never again lived in their cherished home. In his later years, Sam was often photographed reading, writing and smoking in the dressing table’s companion bed, currently located in the Mark Twain House and Museum in Hartford. Image courtesy of the Mark Twain Project, Berkeley, CA.
Dressing Table, ca. 1879
In September of 1874, Sam and Livy Clemens moved into their 11,500 square-foot, 25-room Hartford, Connecticut home. There they raised their three daughters, and Sam, as Mark Twain, wrote some of his most famous works. This dressing table is part of an angel-themed walnut bedroom set that Sam and Livy purchased in Venice, Italy in 1879. After the devastating death of eldest daughter Susy in 1896, the family never again lived in their cherished home. In his later years, Sam was often photographed reading, writing and smoking in the dressing table’s companion bed, currently located in the Mark Twain House and Museum in Hartford. Image courtesy of the Mark Twain Project, Berkeley, CA.
Jervis Langdon, (1809-1870)
Livy Langdon came from a wealthy, Elmira, New York family, and after a fall as a teenager, she spent many years recovering but never fully regained her health. Her father, Jervis, a wealthy coal and lumber merchant, cherished the young couple and helped financially support them. February 3, 1870, the day after Sam and Livy were married in Jervis’ Elmira home, the whole Langdon family traveled to Buffalo where Clemens became a partner and editor of the local newspaper and the couple would live. Upon arriving in Buffalo, Jervis gifted the couple a fully furnished and staffed house. About six months later, Jervis died of stomach cancer, and when Sam and Livy’s firstborn arrived that November, they named him Langdon. Buffalo held few good memories for the young Clemens family, so in 1871, they moved to Hartford, Connecticut where Livy’s inheritance helped fund their lavish new home. Images courtesy The Mark Twain House & Museum, Hartford, Conn.
Jervis Langdon, (1809-1870)
Livy Langdon came from a wealthy, Elmira, New York family, and after a fall as a teenager, she spent many years recovering but never fully regained her health. Her father, Jervis, a wealthy coal and lumber merchant, cherished the young couple and helped financially support them. February 3, 1870, the day after Sam and Livy were married in Jervis’ Elmira home, the whole Langdon family traveled to Buffalo where Clemens became a partner and editor of the local newspaper and the couple would live. Upon arriving in Buffalo, Jervis gifted the couple a fully furnished and staffed house. About six months later, Jervis died of stomach cancer, and when Sam and Livy’s firstborn arrived that November, they named him Langdon. Buffalo held few good memories for the young Clemens family, so in 1871, they moved to Hartford, Connecticut where Livy’s inheritance helped fund their lavish new home. Images courtesy The Mark Twain House & Museum, Hartford, Conn.
Letter to Livy,1879
In 1867, aboard the steamboat Quaker City, Sam met fellow traveler Charles Langdon, who showed him a miniature of his sister Olivia (Livy). Immediately smitten, later that year Sam met Livy, 10 years his junior, near her home in New York at a Charles Dickens’ reading. Sam and Livy courted for two years, before their marriage in 1870. Throughout their courtship and marriage, Sam wrote hundreds of love letters to Livy, including a special one each year on her birthday. Sam wrote this letter to Livy for her 34th birthday, just three days before his 44th birthday. Image courtesy of The Mark Twain House & Museum, Hartford, Conn., Prescott & White, 1872.
Letter to Livy,1879
In 1867, aboard the steamboat Quaker City, Sam met fellow traveler Charles Langdon, who showed him a miniature of his sister Olivia (Livy). Immediately smitten, later that year Sam met Livy, 10 years his junior, near her home in New York at a Charles Dickens’ reading. Sam and Livy courted for two years, before their marriage in 1870. Throughout their courtship and marriage, Sam wrote hundreds of love letters to Livy, including a special one each year on her birthday. Sam wrote this letter to Livy for her 34th birthday, just three days before his 44th birthday. Image courtesy of The Mark Twain House & Museum, Hartford, Conn., Prescott & White, 1872.
Livy and the Girls, 1878
Samuel and Livy Clemens had four children together. Although their first child, Langdon, died at 19 months, daughters Susy, Clara and Jean grew up in the family’s Hartford, Connecticut home. From 1895 to 1896, Sam completed an around-the-world lecture tour, accompanied by Livy and Clara, to pay off a huge debt incurred by poor investments and a failed publishing company. While still abroad in 1896, the family received news that Susy had contracted meningitis, soon to die at 24. Jean was diagnosed with epilepsy and Livy became her caregiver until dying in 1904. In October 1909, Clara married; on Christmas Eve that year, Jean died at the age of 29. Four months later, on April 21, 1910, Samuel Langhorne Clemens passed away at his home ‘Stormfield’ in Redding, Connecticut. His only grandchild, Nina, was born later that year. Image courtesy of the Center for Mark Twain Studies, Elmira College, Emira, NY.
Livy and the Girls, 1878
Samuel and Livy Clemens had four children together. Although their first child, Langdon, died at 19 months, daughters Susy, Clara and Jean grew up in the family’s Hartford, Connecticut home. From 1895 to 1896, Sam completed an around-the-world lecture tour, accompanied by Livy and Clara, to pay off a huge debt incurred by poor investments and a failed publishing company. While still abroad in 1896, the family received news that Susy had contracted meningitis, soon to die at 24. Jean was diagnosed with epilepsy and Livy became her caregiver until dying in 1904. In October 1909, Clara married; on Christmas Eve that year, Jean died at the age of 29. Four months later, on April 21, 1910, Samuel Langhorne Clemens passed away at his home ‘Stormfield’ in Redding, Connecticut. His only grandchild, Nina, was born later that year. Image courtesy of the Center for Mark Twain Studies, Elmira College, Emira, NY.
Manuscript of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, 1876
In 1876, Mark Twain submitted this handwritten manuscript to British publishers, because British law provided copyright protection on literary works if they were published first in England. Having suffered financially from literary piracy, Sam became an advocate for international copyrights. He appeared before both the British House of Lords and the U.S. Senate Committee on Patents, seeking a legal extension on the copyright expiration date. Famously, Sam appeared before the committee wearing an unseasonable white suit, causing quite a stir and bringing considerable publicity to his cause. Because of the attention Sam received from his attire, he adopted white suits year-round. Image courtesy of the Mark Twain Project, Berkeley, CA.
Manuscript of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, 1876
In 1876, Mark Twain submitted this handwritten manuscript to British publishers, because British law provided copyright protection on literary works if they were published first in England. Having suffered financially from literary piracy, Sam became an advocate for international copyrights. He appeared before both the British House of Lords and the U.S. Senate Committee on Patents, seeking a legal extension on the copyright expiration date. Famously, Sam appeared before the committee wearing an unseasonable white suit, causing quite a stir and bringing considerable publicity to his cause. Because of the attention Sam received from his attire, he adopted white suits year-round. Image courtesy of the Mark Twain Project, Berkeley, CA.
Mark Twain Bust, 1912, Bronze
In 1914, four years after the death of Samuel Langhorne Clemens, who was globally known as the author Mark Twain, the State of Missouri erected this bust to commemorate his birthplace in Florida, Missouri. St. Louis artist Robert Bringhurst designed and carved the bust that the Gorham Company cast in bronze. Originally located on a granite pedestal at the intersection of Main and Mill Streets in Florida, the state relocated the bust in 1964 to the Shrine for preservation and moved the pedestal in 1966 to mark the original cabin site.
Mark Twain Bust, 1912, Bronze
In 1914, four years after the death of Samuel Langhorne Clemens, who was globally known as the author Mark Twain, the State of Missouri erected this bust to commemorate his birthplace in Florida, Missouri. St. Louis artist Robert Bringhurst designed and carved the bust that the Gorham Company cast in bronze. Originally located on a granite pedestal at the intersection of Main and Mill Streets in Florida, the state relocated the bust in 1964 to the Shrine for preservation and moved the pedestal in 1966 to mark the original cabin site.
Mark Twain’s Pipe, ca. early 1900s
Throughout Samuel’s lifetime, tobacco was a commonly cultivated and consumed plant in the United States. Even during his childhood in Hannibal, stores sold tobacco in the forms of snuff, rolled cigars and cut leaves. According to Sam, a lifelong tobacco smoker, he began smoking cigars at the age of nine and smoked up to 30 cigars a day, as well as a pipe. He quipped, however, “I smoke in moderation. Only one cigar at a time.” Regarding pipes, Sam preferred the Peterson and the “Missouri Meerschaum” corncob styles.
Mark Twain’s Pipe, ca. early 1900s
Throughout Samuel’s lifetime, tobacco was a commonly cultivated and consumed plant in the United States. Even during his childhood in Hannibal, stores sold tobacco in the forms of snuff, rolled cigars and cut leaves. According to Sam, a lifelong tobacco smoker, he began smoking cigars at the age of nine and smoked up to 30 cigars a day, as well as a pipe. He quipped, however, “I smoke in moderation. Only one cigar at a time.” Regarding pipes, Sam preferred the Peterson and the “Missouri Meerschaum” corncob styles.
Portrait of Miss Clara Clemens, 1898, Oil on Canvas
In 1898, while living in Paris, Sam commissioned John White Alexander to paint this portrait of his middle daughter, Clara, 24 years old at the time. Following Susy’s death just two years earlier, Clara took on enormous responsibility within the family; she helped manage the household, care for her mother in declining health and her younger sister, Jean, who suffered from epilepsy. At the same time, Clara worked as a pianist and strove to be a concert singer. In 1909, she married Russian musician Ossip Gabrilowitsch at her father’s home in Redding, Connecticut, and the following year the couple had a daughter, Nina. After Sam’s death, Clara began promoting and protecting her father’s legacy. In 1923 and 1924, she performed several concerts in northeast Missouri to raise money for the purchase of land for Mark Twain State Park in 1924.
Portrait of Miss Clara Clemens, 1898, Oil on Canvas
In 1898, while living in Paris, Sam commissioned John White Alexander to paint this portrait of his middle daughter, Clara, 24 years old at the time. Following Susy’s death just two years earlier, Clara took on enormous responsibility within the family; she helped manage the household, care for her mother in declining health and her younger sister, Jean, who suffered from epilepsy. At the same time, Clara worked as a pianist and strove to be a concert singer. In 1909, she married Russian musician Ossip Gabrilowitsch at her father’s home in Redding, Connecticut, and the following year the couple had a daughter, Nina. After Sam’s death, Clara began promoting and protecting her father’s legacy. In 1923 and 1924, she performed several concerts in northeast Missouri to raise money for the purchase of land for Mark Twain State Park in 1924.
Site History
Samuel Langhorne Clemens, famously known by his pen name, Mark Twain, was born on November 30, 1835 in this small, two-room cabin in Florida, Missouri. The Clemens family migrated from Tennessee to Missouri to join his mother Jane’s family. In Florida, Sam’s father, John Marshall Clemens, hoped to establish a trade route, make his fortune and find political power among other settlers, who often brought their southern culture and enslaved peoples. Unsuccessful, the Clemens family moved to the Mississippi river town of Hannibal, Missouri. After losing his father, Sam trained as a typesetter and steamboat pilot before heading west with his brother, Orion. While traveling, Clemens recognized his talent for storytelling. After gaining popularity, he married Livy Langdon and had four children. After Samuel Clemens passed away in 1910, his daughter, Clara, helped establish the Mark Twain State Park in 1924. Today, the two-room cabin is preserved inside the Mark Twain Memorial Shrine located within the state park. The Memorial Shrine opened in 1960 with the purpose of housing the cabin, Mark Twain first editions and furnishings from his two Connecticut homes.
Steamboat Days
In 1857, at the age of 21, Sam Clemens started an apprenticeship under steamboat pilot Horace Bixby, and just two years later, Sam received his piloting license. While still an apprentice, Sam obtained a place for his younger brother Henry as an unpaid “mud clerk” on the steamboat Pennsylvania. Just a few months later in 1858, the steamboat’s boilers exploded, badly scalding and killing Henry; boiler explosions and casualties were not an uncommon occurrence. Sam worked steadily on the Mississippi River until the onset of the Civil War in 1861, which brought river traffic to a halt. Years later, Sam chose the pen name Mark Twain, a riverboat navigation term marking two fathoms or 12 feet, which stood for “safe water.” Pilot license courtesy of The Mariners’ Museum, Newport News, Va.
Steamboat Days
In 1857, at the age of 21, Sam Clemens started an apprenticeship under steamboat pilot Horace Bixby, and just two years later, Sam received his piloting license. While still an apprentice, Sam obtained a place for his younger brother Henry as an unpaid “mud clerk” on the steamboat Pennsylvania. Just a few months later in 1858, the steamboat’s boilers exploded, badly scalding and killing Henry; boiler explosions and casualties were not an uncommon occurrence. Sam worked steadily on the Mississippi River until the onset of the Civil War in 1861, which brought river traffic to a halt. Years later, Sam chose the pen name Mark Twain, a riverboat navigation term marking two fathoms or 12 feet, which stood for “safe water.” Pilot license courtesy of The Mariners’ Museum, Newport News, Va.
Typesetter, Apprentice and Journeyman
In 1848, at the age of 12, Sam apprenticed with Joseph P. Ament, the owner of the Missouri Courier newspaper, and learned typesetting. Following his apprenticeship, Sam worked for his brother Orion’s Hannibal newspapers as a typesetter and printer until 1853 when he left Hannibal for St. Louis, New York City, Philadelphia and Cincinnati, working as an itinerant printer. After Orion moved the family to Iowa, Sam occasionally stopped by to help Orion with his newspapers, and Orion often printed the letters Sam sent home about his Eastern travels. The hard work of setting type by hand in his youth influenced Clemens’ later adult decision to invest money into the ill-fated Paige Compositor, promoted as an automatic typesetting machine. Image courtesy of the Mark Twain Project, Berkeley, CA.
Typesetter, Apprentice and Journeyman
In 1848, at the age of 12, Sam apprenticed with Joseph P. Ament, the owner of the Missouri Courier newspaper, and learned typesetting. Following his apprenticeship, Sam worked for his brother Orion’s Hannibal newspapers as a typesetter and printer until 1853 when he left Hannibal for St. Louis, New York City, Philadelphia and Cincinnati, working as an itinerant printer. After Orion moved the family to Iowa, Sam occasionally stopped by to help Orion with his newspapers, and Orion often printed the letters Sam sent home about his Eastern travels. The hard work of setting type by hand in his youth influenced Clemens’ later adult decision to invest money into the ill-fated Paige Compositor, promoted as an automatic typesetting machine. Image courtesy of the Mark Twain Project, Berkeley, CA.
Cradle, ca. 1830s
On November 30, 1835, about six months after the Clemens family arrived in Florida, Missouri, Samuel Langhorne Clemens arrived two months early. At this time, Florida consisted of two dirt roads, a handful of log buildings and about 100 residents. According to oral history, the village came together to provide clothing and a cradle for the premature child. As an adult, Sam grumbled in a speech that his arrival was so unexpected, that the cradle had not even been whitewashed. Despite Sammy’s early arrival, Jane had her sister Patsy for support and Jennie, an enslaved girl they brought from Tennessee, to help care for the children and do the domestic work.
Cradle, ca. 1830s
On November 30, 1835, about six months after the Clemens family arrived in Florida, Missouri, Samuel Langhorne Clemens arrived two months early. At this time, Florida consisted of two dirt roads, a handful of log buildings and about 100 residents. According to oral history, the village came together to provide clothing and a cradle for the premature child. As an adult, Sam grumbled in a speech that his arrival was so unexpected, that the cradle had not even been whitewashed. Despite Sammy’s early arrival, Jane had her sister Patsy for support and Jennie, an enslaved girl they brought from Tennessee, to help care for the children and do the domestic work.
Jane Clemens’ Button String, ca. early 1800s
Button collecting was a hobby among 19th-century girls and young women that still exists today. Girls exchanged, gifted and kept their buttons on a string with the goal of accumulating as many as possible. This charm, or memory string, contains 101 glass buttons that belonged to Sam Clemens’ mother, Jane. In 1823, at the age of 19, Jane Lampton married John Clemens in her native Kentucky. Soon afterward, the couple moved to a small Tennessee town, where they began their family, which would eventually total seven children. In the early 1830s, the young family moved to the small farming town of Florida on the Missouri frontier, where Sammy was born. Only three of Jane and John’s children lived beyond the age of 20.
Jane Clemens’ Button String, ca. early 1800s
Button collecting was a hobby among 19th-century girls and young women that still exists today. Girls exchanged, gifted and kept their buttons on a string with the goal of accumulating as many as possible. This charm, or memory string, contains 101 glass buttons that belonged to Sam Clemens’ mother, Jane. In 1823, at the age of 19, Jane Lampton married John Clemens in her native Kentucky. Soon afterward, the couple moved to a small Tennessee town, where they began their family, which would eventually total seven children. In the early 1830s, the young family moved to the small farming town of Florida on the Missouri frontier, where Sammy was born. Only three of Jane and John’s children lived beyond the age of 20.
Jane Clemens’ Eyeglasses and Case, ca. 1870-1890
These eyeglasses, with their leather case, belonged to Samuel Clemens’ mother Jane Lampton Clemens. Jane wore glasses due to poor vision as a result of a childhood eye injury. Because of her poor vision, Jane never excelled at reading or needlework. However, she did have a good sense of humor and adventure. Sam loved to pester his mother, and she gladly teased him back. As an adult, when Sam reminisced with Jane about never learning to swim and his numerous childhood near-drownings in Hannibal’s Bear Creek, Jane wisecracked, “….people born to be hanged are safe in water.”
Jane Clemens’ Eyeglasses and Case, ca. 1870-1890
These eyeglasses, with their leather case, belonged to Samuel Clemens’ mother Jane Lampton Clemens. Jane wore glasses due to poor vision as a result of a childhood eye injury. Because of her poor vision, Jane never excelled at reading or needlework. However, she did have a good sense of humor and adventure. Sam loved to pester his mother, and she gladly teased him back. As an adult, when Sam reminisced with Jane about never learning to swim and his numerous childhood near-drownings in Hannibal’s Bear Creek, Jane wisecracked, “….people born to be hanged are safe in water.”
Pineapple Bed, ca. 1830s
According to oral history, Jane’s sister, Patsy, loaned this four-poster bed to Jane and John Clemens when they moved to Florida. Patsy and her husband, John Quarles, lived near Florida on their large farm, with their several enslaved people who worked the land, and John owned one of the first general stores in town. When Sam was four years old, the Clemens family left Florida for Hannibal following his father’s failed business ventures. However, Sam spent summers at the Quarles’ farm where he had some of his best childhood memories playing with his cousins, befriending his uncle’s enslaved workers and eating homegrown food. In Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain based the character of Jim on one of his uncle’s enslaved workers, Dan’l, who entertained the children with his stories. Pictured is Mary Quarles, Dan’l’s daughter and one of Sam’s childhood playmates. Image courtesy of Mark Twain Papers, Berkeley, CA.
Pineapple Bed, ca. 1830s
According to oral history, Jane’s sister, Patsy, loaned this four-poster bed to Jane and John Clemens when they moved to Florida. Patsy and her husband, John Quarles, lived near Florida on their large farm, with their several enslaved people who worked the land, and John owned one of the first general stores in town. When Sam was four years old, the Clemens family left Florida for Hannibal following his father’s failed business ventures. However, Sam spent summers at the Quarles’ farm where he had some of his best childhood memories playing with his cousins, befriending his uncle’s enslaved workers and eating homegrown food. In Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain based the character of Jim on one of his uncle’s enslaved workers, Dan’l, who entertained the children with his stories. Pictured is Mary Quarles, Dan’l’s daughter and one of Sam’s childhood playmates. Image courtesy of Mark Twain Papers, Berkeley, CA.
Spinning Wheel
The spinning wheel, commonly found in 19th-century homes, allowed families to produce their own yarn and make fabrics for household items and clothing. Women on the Missouri frontier regularly spun fibers and wove yarn, as the limited transportation routes to the area made imported goods expensive. In his autobiography, Mark Twain recalled his aunt Patsy’s house near Florida where he could envision “...a 'trundle' bed in one corner and a spinning wheel in another - a wheel whose rising and falling wail, heard from a distance, was the mournfulest [sic] of all sounds to me, and made me homesick and low-spirited.…”
Spinning Wheel
The spinning wheel, commonly found in 19th-century homes, allowed families to produce their own yarn and make fabrics for household items and clothing. Women on the Missouri frontier regularly spun fibers and wove yarn, as the limited transportation routes to the area made imported goods expensive. In his autobiography, Mark Twain recalled his aunt Patsy’s house near Florida where he could envision “...a 'trundle' bed in one corner and a spinning wheel in another - a wheel whose rising and falling wail, heard from a distance, was the mournfulest [sic] of all sounds to me, and made me homesick and low-spirited….”
Jane Clemens’ Rocking Chair, ca. mid-1880s
In 1853, after Sam and his sister, Pamela, left Hannibal, Jane followed her eldest son Orion to Iowa, with her youngest son, Henry. By 1854, Jane lived with Pamela and her husband in St. Louis, where Sam often visited on his piloting trips to and from New Orleans. After Sam and Livy married in 1870, Jane moved with widowed Pamela to upstate New York, not far from the new couple in Buffalo. In 1883, Jane moved to Keokuk, Iowa with her son Orion and his wife Mollie. To supplement their income, the Clemenses took in boarders, one of whom was public school teacher George Marshall. One year for Jane’s birthday, Marshall took her shopping for a gift. Jane’s choice of this rocker, designed by European cabinetmaker Michael Thonet, was not surprising, as she loved the color red. In 1890, at the age of 87, witty, fun-loving Jane Lampton Clemens died. Image courtesy of Nevada Historical Society, Reno, NV.
Jane Clemens’ Rocking Chair, ca. mid-1880s
In 1853, after Sam and his sister, Pamela, left Hannibal, Jane followed her eldest son Orion to Iowa, with her youngest son, Henry. By 1854, Jane lived with Pamela and her husband in St. Louis, where Sam often visited on his piloting trips to and from New Orleans. After Sam and Livy married in 1870, Jane moved with widowed Pamela to upstate New York, not far from the new couple in Buffalo. In 1883, Jane moved to Keokuk, Iowa with her son Orion and his wife Mollie. To supplement their income, the Clemenses took in boarders, one of whom was public school teacher George Marshall. One year for Jane’s birthday, Marshall took her shopping for a gift. Jane’s choice of this rocker, designed by European cabinetmaker Michael Thonet, was not surprising, as she loved the color red. In 1890, at the age of 87, witty, fun-loving Jane Lampton Clemens died. Image courtesy of Nevada Historical Society, Reno, NV.
Site History
Samuel Langhorne Clemens, famously known by his pen name, Mark Twain, was born on November 30, 1835 in this small, two-room cabin in Florida, Missouri. The Clemens family migrated from Tennessee to Missouri to join his mother Jane’s family. In Florida, Sam’s father, John Marshall Clemens, hoped to establish a trade route, make his fortune and find political power among other settlers, who often brought their southern culture and enslaved peoples. Unsuccessful, the Clemens family moved to the Mississippi river town of Hannibal, Missouri. After losing his father, Sam trained as a typesetter and steamboat pilot before heading west with his brother, Orion. While traveling, Clemens recognized his talent for storytelling. After gaining popularity, he married Livy Langdon and had four children. After Samuel Clemens passed away in 1910, his daughter, Clara, helped establish the Mark Twain State Park in 1924. Today, the two-room cabin is preserved inside the Mark Twain Memorial Shrine located within the state park. The Memorial Shrine opened in 1960 with the purpose of housing the cabin, Mark Twain first editions and furnishings from his two Connecticut homes.